Updated Section Reviews
World History II
Chapter 6: The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 1 p. 170
3. Why were members of the Third Estate discontented with conditions under the Old Regime?
4. What economic troubles did France have in 1789?
5. What issues arose when Louis XVI called the Estates General in 1789?
6. What was the significance of the storming of the Bastille?
7. List key decisions and events of 1788 and 1789 in the order in which they occurred. Briefly explain the significance or effects of each decision and event in your list.
8. Suppose that you are Jacques Necker. Write a paragraph or two explaining how your economic reform program will benefit France.
Section 2 p. 175
3. What role did the people of Paris play in the French Revolution?
4. Describe one reform that the National Assembly enacted through each of the following documents: (a) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, (b) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, (c) the Constitution of 1791.
5. (a) Why did some people outside France react negatively to the French Revolution? (b) How did these feelings lead to war?
6. Compare the women’s march on Versailles to the storming of the Bastille in terms of goals and results.
7. The Declaration of the Rights of Man has been called the “death certificate” of the old regime. Do you agree? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 181
3. Why did radical revolutionaries oppose the monarchy?
4. How did the Reign of Terror cause the National Convention to be replaced by the Directory?
5. Describe one effect of the French Revolution on each of the following: (a) women, (b) daily life.
6. Robespierre wrote, “Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice.” Explain why you agree or disagree with Robespierre.
7. How did you think French nationalism affected the war between France and the powers of Europe?
Section 4 p. 185
3. Describe Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.
4. (a) What revolutionary reforms were undone by Napoleon? (b) How did Napoleon preserve some of the principles of the Enlightenment?
5. (a) How did Napoleon come to dominate most of Europe? (b) Why did his efforts to subdue Britain fail?
6. What opinions do you think each of the following had of Napoleon? (a) royalists, (b) Catholic priests, (c) soldiers, (d) republicans.
7. Suppose you were a French voter in 1803. How would you have voted on the plebiscite to make Napoleon emperor? Explain your reasons.
Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution Begins
Section 1 p. 198
3. Describe how the Industrial Revolution changed daily life, becoming a turning point in history.
4. Indentify three causes of the population explosion in Europe.
5. Explain the impact of each of the following technologies: (a) steam power, (b) improved iron.
6. What were the immediate and long-term effects of the agricultural revolution?
7. How do you think increase population contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
Section 2 p. 202
3. Describe four factors that help that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
4. How did the Industrial Revolution transform the textile industry?
5. How did transportation improve in the early 1800s? Give three examples.
6. Explain how each of the following helped contribute to demand for consumer goods in Britain: (a) population explosion, (b) general economic prosperity.
7. Look at the map of the British cotton trade in this section. (a) To what continents did Britain export its cotton cloth? (b) Explain how advances in transportation, such as the steamboat, contributed to Britain’s global cotton trade.
Section 3 p. 207
3. Describe life in the new industrial city.
4. (a) What were the main characteristics of factory work? (b) What special problems did factory work create for women?
5. How did the conditions of the early industrial age improve?
6. Compare the life of a farmworker with that of an early factory worker.
7. Look at the chapter opener map. What geographic feature do many of the industrial centers share? Why do you think this is so?
Section 4 p. 211
3. Describe the views of laissez-faire economists (a) Adam Smith, (b) Thomas Malthus, (c) David Ricardo.
4. Contrast the approaches of utilitarian’s and socialists to solving economic problems.
5. (a) Describe Karl Marx’s view of history. (b) How have events challenged that view?
6. Choose one economic or political theory discussed in this section. Does that theory seem to apply to the American economy today? Explain.
7. How might the rise of Methodism and workplace reforms alter Marxist predictions of world revolution?
Chapter 8: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
Section 1 p. 218
3. What were the goals of conservative leaders?
4. (a) How did the political goals of liberals differ from those of conservatives? (b) How did nationalists threaten the system set up by Metternich?
5. (a) Why did the Serbs and Greeks revolt? (b) Why were there uprisings in Spain, Portugal, and Italian states?
6. How did ideologies like liberalism and nationalism contribute to unrest?
7. Why do you think liberals of the early 1800s supported limited voting rights?
Section 2 p. 224
3. Describe one cause and one effect of (a) the French revolution of 1830, (b) the French revolution of 1848.
4. (a) To what lands did revolution spread in 1830? (b) Were these revolutions successful? Explain.
5. Why did most of the revolutions of 1848 fail to achieve their goals?
6. Do you think that European rulers could have prevented nationalist revolts by granting autonomy to some groups of people? Why or why not?
7. Suppose you had been a conservative adviser to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Would you have advised the king to accept the crown offered by the Frankfurt Assembly? Explain the reasons for your decision.
Section 3 p 231
3. How did social structure contribute to discontent in Latin America?
4. (a) What was the first step on Haiti’s road to independence? (b) Why did creoles refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?
5. How did successful military campaigns lead to the creation of independent nations in South America?
6. Compare the ways in which Mexico and Brazil achieved independence.
7. Review the subsection Independence in South America and the map in this section. How does the map show that Bolivar failed to achieve one of his dreams?
Chapter 9: Life in the Industrial Age
Section 1 p. 248
3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s?
4. How did technology help industry expand?
5. How did the need for capital lead to new business methods?
6. “The availability of natural resources is the most important condition for industrialization.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain.
7. Which three technological advances in this section to you think were the most important? Explain.
Section 2 p. 252
3. Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s?
4. Describe three ways that city life changed in the 1800s.
5. What laws helped workers in the late 1800s?
6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of city life in the late 1800s?
7. By the early 1900s, governments had passed many laws that improved conditions for the working class. What are some laws that regulate working conditions today?
Section 3 p. 259
3. (a) How did the social order change in industrial nations? (b) Describe three values associated with the middle class.
4. (a) What were the main goals of the women’s movement? (b) Why did it face strong opposition?
5. Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?
6. What services did religious organizations provide?
7. Why do you think reformers pushed for free public education?
8. What charitable services do religious organizations perform today?
Section 4 p. 263
3. (a) How did romantics respond to the Enlightenment? (b) Describe three subjects romantics favored.
4. How did Dickens and Ibsen explore realistic themes?
5. How did photography influence the development of painting?
6. In what ways were the new artistic styles of the 1800s a reaction to changes in society?
7. (a) what did Courbet mean when he said, “I cannot pain an angel because I have never seen one?” Do you agree with his attitude? Explain.
Chapter 10: Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 1 p. 271
3. What territorial and economic changes promoted German unity?
4. Describe the techniques Bismarck used to unify the German states.
5. How did the emperor and his chancellor retain power in the new German government.
6. Identify three examples of Bismarck’s use of Realpolitik.
7. How did the nationalism represented by Bismarck differ from that embraced by liberals in the early 1800s?
Section 2 p. 274
3. How did Germany become an industrial giant in the late 1800s?
4. Why did Bismarck try to crush the Catholic Church and socialists?
5. What policies did William II introduce?
6. Why do you think supporters of democratic government had little hope of success in Germany in the late 1800s?
7. Were Bismarck’s methods justified by his social reforms? Explain.
Section 3 p. 278
3. (a) What obstacles to unity did Italian nationalists face? (b) What conditions favored unity?
4. How did Cavour and Garibaldi work for Italian unity?
5. Describe the problems Italians faced after unification.
6. Compare the goals and methods of Cavour in Italy and Bismarck in Germany. (a) How were they similar? (b) How were they different?
7. (a) What was the source of conflict between Garibaldi and Cavour? (b) How was the conflict resolved?
Section 4 p. 281
2. Explain how nationalism affected the Austrian empire.
3. (a) How was the Dual Monarchy organized? (b) Why did it fail to end nationalist demands?
4. How did Balkan nationalism contribute to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
5. Do you think that either the Hapsburgs or the Ottoman Turks could have built a modern, unified nation form their multinational empires? Explain.
6. (a) What actions did Francis Joseph take to maintain power in Austria-Hungary? (b) How else might he have responded to nationalist demands?
Section 5 p. 287
3. What conditions in Russia posed challenges during the early 1800s?
4. How did Russian czars often react to change?
5. (a) What were the causes of the revolution of 1905? (b) How did Nicholas II respond?
6. Alexander II declared that it is “better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it will be abolished by a movement from below.” Explain his statement.
7. What does Bloody Sunday suggest about the relationship between the czar and the Russian people?
Chapter 11: Growth of Western Democracies
Section 1 p. 294
3. How did the Reform Act of 1832 change Parliament?
4. What middle-class values are associated with the Victorian age?
5. What reforms did the Liberal and Conservative parties achieve?
6. Why do you think the Chartists demanded (a) a secret ballot, (b) salaries for members of Parliament?
7. Reread the excerpt from Sybil at the beginning of this section. (a) Restate the stranger’s main idea in your own words. (b) Why is Egremont surprised by this view of Britain? (c) Would you consider this novel a reliable source of information about Britain in the early 1800s? Why or why not?
Section 2 p. 300
3. Describe three social reforms that helped the British working class.
4. What actions did women suffragists take to achieve their goals?
5. (a) Why did Irish nationalists oppose British rule? (b) Describe two reforms that improved conditions in Ireland.
6. How is the idea of free trade linked to the principles of laissez faire and competition?
7. Do you agree that the tactics used by suffragists like Emmeline Pankhurst were necessary at the time? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 305
3. Describe the government of France during the Second Empire.
4. Explain how each of the following heightened divisions in France: (a) the Paris Commune, (b) the Dreyfus affair.
5. Describe two reforms enacted in France in the early 1900s.
6. (a) How does the French system of political parties differ from the American system? (b) How do these differences affect the stability of governments under each system?
7. (a) What solution did Zionists propose for the problem of widespread anti-Semitism? (b) Why do you think they felt it was the best solution?
Section 4 p. 311
3. Describe how the United States grew in each of these areas in the 1800s: (a) territory, (b) population, (c) economy.
4. Describe two ways that democracy expanded.
5. (a) How did immigrants benefit from economic growth in the United States after the Civil War? (b) What problems did workers face?
6. How do you think economic growth helped make the United States a world power?
7. Reread the poem by Emma Lazarus at the beginning of this section. How do these words still apply to the United States today?
Chapter 12: The New Imperialism
Section 1 p. 318
3. Describe three causes of the new imperialism.
4. (a) What were three reasons for the success of western imperialism? (b) How did people oppose western imperialism?
5. Describe three different forms of imperial rule.
6. Review the words of Lord Lugard quoted at the start of this section. Explain why Lugard thought that it was necessary for Britain to pursue a policy of imperalism in Africa.
7. Western colonial officials and missionaries thought that they had a duty to spread the “blessings of western civilization” to their “little brothers” in Africa and Asia. How was this a biased viewpoint?
Section 2 p. 324
3. Describe one development in each region of Africa in the early 1800s.
4. How did European contact with Africa increase?
5. Which European nations were most successful in the scramble for African colonies?
6. Describe two examples of African resistance to European imperialism.
7. (a) Why do you think the Europeans did not invite Africans to the Berlin Conference? (b) What might be the effect of this exclusion upon later African leaders?
8. Review the maps of Africa in this section. Why do you think Britain, France, and Italy were all interested in controlling part of Somaliland?
Section 3 p. 328
3. How did European nations take advantage of stresses n the Muslim world?
4. Describe two problems that contributed to Ottoman decline.
5. How did Muhammad Ali seek to modernize Egypt?
6. Why did Russia and Britain compete for power in Iran?
7. (a) How did Turkish nationalism lead to intolerance of minorities in the Ottoman empire? (b) Describe a present-day example of nationalism’s causing intolerance of others.
8. Suppose you are an Ottoman government official in the 1800s. Recommend and explain a series of actions that you think will solve the problems afflicting the Ottoman empire.
Section 4 p. 332
3. What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?
4. Describe three effects of British colonial rule on India.
5. How did Indians differ in their views on Indian and British culture?
6. How did British rule lead to growing Indian nationalism?
7. Review the words of Thomas Macaulay, quoted on p. 332. What kind of education did Macaulay favor for Indians? Why?
8. Do you think that the British were right to pass laws that tried to reform the caste system and end sati? Explain and defend your position.
Section 5 p. 337
3. How did western powers gain greater trading rights in China?
4. (a) What internal problems threatened the Qing dynasty? (b) What were the goals of Chinese reformers?
5. How was the Qing dynasty replaced by a republic?
6. Based on what you have learned about western imperialism in Africa and Asia, what methods did European states use to gain power around the world?
7. If you had been a Chinese government official in the 1800s, would you have decided to support or oppose reform efforts designed to westernize China? Explain the reasons for your decision.
Chapter 13: New Global Patterns
Section 1 p. 347
3. (a) What problems did Tokugawa Japan face in the early 1800s? (b) Why did Japan end 200 years of seclusion?
4. (a) List three ways in which Japan modernized. (b) Explain how each of these actions helped strengthen Japan so it could resist western pressure.
5. How did Japan demonstrate its growing military strength?
6. How did the geographic location of Korea make it desirable to both China and Japan?
7. What might have happened to Japan if the Meiji reformers had not decided to modernize in the late 1800s? Explain.
Section 2 p. 350
2. Compare imperialist policies of the Dutch, British, and French.
3. What steps did Siam take to preserve its independence?
4. Describe how the United States acquired each of the following territories in the Pacific: (a) Samoa, (b) Hawaii, (c) Philippines.
5. Compare the partition of Southeast Asia to the partition of Africa during the Age of Imperialism. (a) How was it similar? (b) How was it different?
6. Why were the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia of strategic value?
Section 3 p. 355
3. What steps led to Canadian self-rule?
4. How did the British settle Australia?
5. Why did Maoris fight colonists in New Zealand?
6. Why might young nations like Australia and New Zealand have been willing to grant women the right to vote before European nations did so?
7. What ethnic tensions did Australia, Canada, and New Zealand face?
Section 4 p. 360
3. what problems face new nations in Latin America?
4. How did imperialism encourage economic dependence?
5. Describe two ways the United States influenced Latin America.
6. Reformers introduced many changes to Latin America during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Describe the reforms and identify those that seem to have been most successful. Explain.
7. (a) Why might developing nations encourage foreign investment? (b) Do you think foreign investors should have the right to intervene in another nation’s affairs to protect their investments? Explain.
Section 5 p.365
2. Describe how each of the following affected industrialized nations and traditional cultures: (a) money economy, (b) dependency, (c)_modernization.
3. How did imperialism affect cultures around the world?
4. Why did imperialism lead to increased tensions among the industrialized powers of Europe?
5. List the benefits and disadvantages brought by colonial rule. Do you think subject people were better or worse off as a result of the Age of Imperialism? Explain.
6. How might a subject person respond to the quotation by Cecil Rhodes in this section?
Chapter 14: World War I and Its Aftermath
Section 1 p. 379
3. Identify three peace efforts of the late 1800s and early 1900s.
4. Describe how each of the following served to inflame tensions in Europe: (a) nationalism, (b) imperial rivalries, (c) militarism.
5. (a) Why did European nations form alliances? (b) How did alliances increase fears of war?
6. Reread Bismarck’s statement at the start of this section. Why do you think he made this prediction?
7. Do you think the idea of going to war excites young people today in the same way that it did 100 years ago? Why or why not?
Section 2 p. 382
3. (a) Why was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated? (b) How did Austria-Hungary react?
4. Describe how each of the following nations was drawn into the conflict: (a) Germany, (b) Russia, (c) France, (d) Britain.
5. Who do most modern historians think was responsible for the war?
6. Do you think war could have been avoided in 1914? Why or why not?
7. What role did geography play in the outbreak of World War I?
Section 3 p. 387
3. Why did the war on the Western Front to into a stalemate?
4. Describe three ways new technology affected the war.
5. What role did Europe’s overseas colonies and dominions play in World War I?
6. Why do you think most nations today have agreed to ban the use of poison gas and other chemical and biological weapons?
7. Governments on both sides of World War I tried to keep full casualty figure and other bad news from reaching the public. What effect do you think news about disastrous defeats such as Tannenberg, Caporetto, or Gallipoli would have had on the attitude of people back home?
Section 4 p. 391
3. What measures did wartime governments take to control (a) national economies, (b) public opinion?
4. What impact did wartime failures have on Russia?
5. (a) Why did the United States declare war on Germany? (b) What impact did American entry have on the war?
6. Reread the poem at the beginning of this section. (a) To whom is the poem addressed? (b) What does it suggest about the effects of trench warfare?
7. If you had been a women’s suffragist, would you have supported the war effort? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 395
3. Describe conditions in Europe after World War I.
4. (a) Identify three issues to be settled at the Paris Peace Conference. (b) How did Woodrow Wilson’s goals at the peace talks differ from those of other Allied leaders?
5. How did the peace treaties both follow and violate Wilson’s principle of self-determination?
6. How might the creation of the mandate system affect the map of Africa after World War I?
7. Wilson’s closest adviser wrote, “Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and much to regret.” What do you think he might have approved? What might he have regretted?
Chapter 15: Revolution in Russia
Section 1 p 404
3. What were the causes of the March Revolution?
4. (a) How did Lenin adapt Marxism to conditions in Russia? (b) Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
5. Describe the opposing forces in the Russian civil war.
6. Review the excerpt from “Days with Lenin” by Maxim Gorky, quoted on p. 404. (a) Did Lenin favor or oppose war communism? (b) How did Lenin defend his position? (c) Do you agree or disagree with Lenin? Explain.
7. What were the causes and effects of the civil war in Russia?
Section 2 p. 410
3. (a) How did Lenin make a compromise between ideas of capitalism and communism? (b) Why did he think that the compromise was necessary?
4. What were the goals and results of Stalin’s five-year plans?
5. What were the causes and effects of the Great Purge?
6. How did Soviet foreign policy lead to difficult relations with the West?
7. Review the two charts in this section that show the effects of the five-year plans on industry and agriculture. (a) Were the effects on industry and agriculture similar or different? (b) Explain the reasons for the similar or different results.
8. How did the Soviet command economy under Stalin differ from a capitalist economy?
Section 3 p. 415
3. What methods did Stalin use to create a totalitarian state?
4. (a) Who made up the new elite in Soviet society? (b) What special privileges did they enjoy?
5. How did the Soviet government make sure that most writers and artists conformed to the style of socialist realism?
6. Compare life under Stalin’s rule with life under the Russian czars. (a) Describe two similarities. (b) Describe two differences.
7. One historian has said that socialist realism was “communism with a smiling face.” What you do you think he meant?
Chapter 16: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World
Section 1 p. 423
3. Describe three causes of the Mexican Revolution.
4. Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed each of these issues: (a) land, (b) religion, (c) labor.
5. Describe how nationalism affected Mexico.
6. How did Franklin Roosevelt change United States policy toward Latin America?
7. How did world events affect the economies of Latin American nations during the 1920s and 1930s?
8. (a) How did opportunities for women change under the 1917 constitution? (b) How did women’s lives stay the same?
Section 2 p. 428
3. How did Africans resist the impact of colonialism?
4. Describe three examples of the rise of nationalism in Africa.
5. What reforms were introduced in (a) Turkey, (b) Iran?
6. (a) Why were many Arabs angered by decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference after World War I? (b) Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?
7. (a) How did nationalist leaders in Africa oppose colonial rule? (b) How did colonial powers control African countries?
8. How did the Balfour Declaration affect the Middle East?
Section 3 p. 431
3. How did the Amritsar massacre affect the movement for Indian independence?
4. How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?
5. Why did Gandhi organize the Salt March?
6. Why do you think Gandhi was able to unite Indians when earlier attempts had failed?
7. What conflicts would you expect to emerge in India after World War II?
Section 4 p. 435
2. Why did the new republic of China fall into chaos after 1912?
3. Describe goals of each of the following: (a) Sun Yixian, (b) Jiang Jieshi, (c) Mao Zedong.
4. Why did Jiang side with the Communists after 1931?
5. (a) How did the actions of foreign imperialist powers help to strengthen nationalism in China? (b) How do you think the “rape of Nanjing” affected Japan’s reputation around the world?
6. Do you think that Mao’s order not to take a single needle or piece of thread from the people was a wise decision? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 439
3. What liberal changes occurred in Japan in the 1920s?
4. How did nationalists deal with the Great Depression?
5. (a) What goals did Japanese militarists pursue at home? (b) What goals did they pursue overseas?
6. Compare the policies pursued by Japanese liberals to those followed by Japanese conservatives during the 1920s and 1930s.
7. Why might a nation turn to military leaders and extreme nationalists during a time of crisis?
Chapter 17: Crisis of Democracy in the West
Section 1 p. 449
3. (a) What steps did the major powers take to protect the peace? (b) Why did these moves have limited effects?
4. Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak or spread of the Great Depression: (a) overproduction, (b) margin buying, (c) high tariffs.
5. How did the Great Depression affect political developments in the United States?
6. Why do you think the 1926 general strike in Britain strengthened the Conservative party?
7. How did Britain and France emerge from World War I as both victors and losers?
Section 2 p. 454
3. How did the ideas of Einstein and Freud contribute to a sense of uncertainty?
4. (a) How did the postwar artists challenge older western traditions? (b) What themes did postwar writers stress?
5. How did flappers symbolize changes in western society?
6. (a) How did technology shape popular culture in the 1920s? (b) What technologies are shaping popular culture today?
7. Choose one postwar writer and one postwar artists. Explain how the work of each reflected a new view of the world.
Section 3 p. 458
2. (a) What problems did Italy face after World War I? (b) How did these problems help Mussolini win power?
3. Describe two economic or social goals of Mussolini, and explain the actions he took to achieve each goal.
4. (a) What values did fascism promote? (b) List two similarities and two differences between fascism and communism.
5. Why do you think the Fascists blamed democracy for problems in Italy?
6. Mussolini said, “Machines and women are the two main causes of unemployment.” (a) What do you think he meant? (b) How did Mussolini’s policies reflect his attitude toward women?
Section 4 p. 463
3. List three problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
4. How did the depression pave the way for the rise of Hitler?
5. (a) How did Hitler create a one-party dictatorship? (b) What racial and nationalistic ideas did Nazis promote?
6. What were some of the restrictions that Hitler placed on German Jews?
7. Do you think that there are any circumstances under which a government would be justified in banning books or censoring ideas? Explain.
8. Both Stalin in the Soviet Union and Hitler in Germany instituted ruthless campaigns against supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think dictators need to find scapegoats for their nation’s ills?
Chapter 18: World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 1 p. 472
3. (a) How did Japan, Italy, and German test the resolve of western democracies before 1937? (b) Explain how other countries participated in the Spanish Civil War.
4. Identify major acts of German aggression in 1938 and 1939.
5. How did appeasement lead to the outbreak of war?
6. How was the Munich Conference a turning point in the road toward world war?
7. Who do you think some historians call the period between 1919 and 1939 the 20-year armistice?
Section 2 p. 478
3. How did the Axis powers achieve victories in 1939 and 1940?
4. How did Operation Barbarossa affect the Battle of Britain?
5. (a) What goals did Japan pursue in Asia? (b) Why did General Tojo order a surprise attack on the United States?
6. Could the United States have stayed out of the war?
7. (a) Describe three technological advances during World War II. (b) How did this technology make war more destructive?
Section 3 p. 484
3. (a) How did Hitler try to achieve a “new order” in Europe? () How did the Japanese treat conquered people?
4. How did democratic governments mobilize their economies for war?
5. Explain how each of the following battles was a turning point in the war: (a) El Alamein, (b) Stalingrad.
6. Do you think that democratic governments should be allowed to limit their citizens’ freedoms during wartime? Defend your position.
7. Hitler translated his hatred for Jews and others into a program of genocide. How do ethnic, racial, and religious hatreds weaken society?
Section 4 p. 488
3. How did the United States fight the war in the Pacific?
4. How did the Allies weaken Germany?
5. How was Japan defeated?
6. Suppose that you are President Truman. What information would you want before deciding whether to drop an atomic bomb on Japan?
7. How would you describe the attitudes of the Japanese government and of Hitler toward surrendering to the Allies?
Section 5 p. 493
3. How did the Allies try to hold the Axis leaders responsible for the suffering they caused during the war?
4. What was the main purpose of the UN?
5. List two causes of the Cold War.
6. Some historians argue that the Cold War began in 1918 when the World War I Allies, including the United States, sent forces to Russia to topple the Bolsheviks. How might they support this position?
7. Why do people feel it is so important to remember the inhumanity of the Holocaust?
Chapter 19: The World Since 1945: An Overview
Section 1 p. 509
3. (a) Why did European nations lose their colonial empires after World War II? (b) What was one effect of this "great liberation?"
4. Why did political instability plague many developing nations?
5. What two main roles has the UN played in world affairs?
6. Decsribe one effort nations have made to deal with each of the following issues: (a) the spread of nuclear arms, (b) human rights abuses, (c) terrorism.
7. Is interdependence likely to make the world more peaceful? Why or why not?
8. (a) Why might lack of experience with representative government be a problem for developing nations? (b) Do you think democracy will help them solve their problems?
Section 2 p. 515
3. How do the nations of the global North and South depend on one another?
4. What obstacles do developing nations face?
5. How has economic development increased the potential for widespread damage to the environment? Give two examples.
6. Describe how each of the following showed interedependence: (a) the oil crisis, (b) the Asian financial crisis.
7. Would you be willing to pay much higher prices for manufactured goods such as clothing or your first car if it would help conserve the world's resources? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 521
3. How has urbanization affected people in developing nations?
4. Describe two changes in the roles and rights of women.
5. How have three developments in science or technology affected the modern world?
6. How did American influences shape a new global culture?
7. What do you think might be some major global issues of the next century?
8. "Educate a boy," says an African proverb, "and you educate a person. Educate a girl, and you educate a nation." (a) What does the proverb assume about the role of women in society? (b) What goal could this proverb be used to support?
Chapter 20: Europe and North America
Section 1 p. 531
3. What were two effects of the end of the Cold War?
4. (a) How were western economies affected by growing international competition? (b) How did some governments respond?
5. How did the European Union benefit the economies of its member nations?
6. What social trends affected family life in the West?
7. Review the Fact Finder chart in this section. Based on the chart statistis, would you expect popular support for the welfare state to increase or decline? Explain.
8. How did the end of the Cold War change the map of Europe?
Section 2 p. 536
3. What changes were introduced in Britain by Thatcher and the Conservative Party?
4. (a) How did de Gaulle revive French power? (b) How did Chirac affect the French economy?
5. Why was Germany finally able to reunify?
6. Describe one problem that has troubled Italy in recent years.
7. Some people, especially in France, worried that a reunited Germany would pose a danger to Europe. Using historical evidence, explain why you agree or disagree.
8. Why did President de Gaulle decide that France had to give up Algeria?
Section 3 p. 540
3. What goals had the United States tried to achieve as a global superpower?
4. (a) How did government policies affect the americdan economy in the 1980s and 1990s? (b) How did the civil rights movement affect the economy?
5. What issues have challenged the Canadians?
6. How is the situation of French-speaking Canadians similar to or different from that of minority groups within the United States?
7. Describe three ways the civil rights movement helped shape American life today.
Section 4 p. 546
3. What were the effects of each of the following Soviet policies: (a) command economy, (b) rivalry within the United States?
4. How did Gorbachev's reforms contribute to the collapse of the Soviet Union?
5. Describe two problems that have afflicted Russia and the other new republics since the breakup of the Soviet Union.
6. What do you think might happen in Russia if the Communist party won control of the government again?
7. Do you think the western democracies should invest large sums of money in Russia and other former Soviet republics? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 551
3. (a) How did Hungarians resist Soviet domination? (b) How did democracy spread in Poland?
4. Why were some Eastern Europeans unhappy with the changse that came after the fall of communism?
5. Why did civil war break out in Yugoslavia?
6. Mikhail Gorbachev said, "Everything that happened inEastern Europe in these last few years would have been impossible without the presence of the pope." Explain the meaning of Gorbachev's words.
7. Suppose you are a journalist interviewing a Serb official. Make a list of questions about recent events in Kosovo.
Chapter 21: East Asia and Southeast Asia
Section 1 p. 559
3. (a) How did Japan achieve political recovery? (b) What were three reasons for Japan's economic recovery?
4. What role has Japan played in world affairs in recent years?
5. What challenges face Japanese society today?
6. Some nations complaine dthat Japanese policies made it difficult for trading partners to sell goods to Japan, resulting in trade deficits. To the Japanese, however, these policies led to Japan's trade surplus. How might these differing perspectives affect trade talks?
7. How do you think occupation policies regarding Japan's armed forces and the zaibatsu affected the nation's economic success?
Section 2 p. 565
3. How did Mao's economic policies harm China?
4. What major issues did China face during the Cold War?
5. (a) What economic reforms did Deng Xiaoping introduce? (b) What challenges does China face today?
6. Do you think economic reforms can be successful without political reforms? Explain.
7. Compare Deng's reforms in China to those of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union. (a) How were the reforms similar? (b) How were they different?
Section 3 p. 570
2. Describe how China's strength has affected the development of Taiwan and Hong Kong.
3. How did Singapore's leaders encourage economic growth?
4. (a) How do the economies of South Korea and North Korea differ? (b) How has the Noth Korean government's policy on isolation affected the nation?
5. What characteristic seems to have been most important to the economic success of the "Asian tigers?" Explain.
6. What conditions existing today in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and korea reflect lingering Cold War tensions?
Section 4 p. 575
3. Describe the effects of war on (a) Vietnam, (b) Cambodia.
4. What economic and ethnic issues have faced governments in the Philippines and Indonesia?
5. Why is the Pacific Rim seen as an important link in the global economy?
6. What effects of the Vietnam War can still be seen in the United States today?
7. How might Indonesia's geographic features affect its ability to create a national identity?
Chapter 22: South Asia and the Middle East
Section 1 p. 585
3. Why was the Indian subcontinent divided into two nations?
4. (a) What economic goals did India pursue? (b) Why has progress been limited?
5. Describe one problem facing (a) Pakistan, (b) Bangladesh.
6. How did Cold War rivalries affect South Asia? Give two examples.
7. "The past still clings to us," said Jawaharlal Nehru. Give two examples to support his statement.
8. (a) Why would nationalists in India and Paksitan favor development of nuclear weapons? (b) Why did world leaders worry about the arms race in South Asia?
Section 2 p. 591
3. (a) What forces have linked Arab nations? (b) Give one example of how diversity has caused tension in a Middle Eastern nation.
4. How has oil shaped Middle Eastern economies?
5. How was the Islamic revival linked to social and political development?
6. (a) What rights have women gained in the Middle East? (b) Why did some Muslim women favor a return to hejab?
7. (a) How did events of the early 1940s increase European and Americna support for the creation of Israel? (b) Why was such support needed?
8. Would you agree that water is a more valuable resource than oil? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 596
3. (a) What kind of government did Turkey build? (b) Describe one challenge Turkey faced.
4. What steps did Egypt take toward modernization?
5. (a) Why did discontent spread in Iran under the shah? (b) Describe two effects of the Iranian revolution.
6. Why do you think Turkey wanted to force Kurds to abandon their language and culture?
7. (a) Who might consider the Iranian revolution a success? Why? (b) Who might criticize the revolution? Why?
Section 4 p. 601
3. How did the Cold War affect the Middle East?
4. (a) Why were the occupied territories a source of conflict? (b) What steps were taken toward peace?
5. Describe one cause of each of the following: (a) the civil war in Lebanon, (b) the Iran-Iraq war, (c) the Persian Gulf War.
6. If you had been an Israeli leader in the late 1980s, what response to the intifada would you have favored? Explain your reasons.
7. If you were organizing a Middle East peace conference, whom would you invite, and what issues would you put on the table?
Chapter 23: Africa
Section 1p. 611
2. (a) What challenges faced African nations as a result of colonialism? (b) How did nationalist leaders respond to these challenges?
3. Describe the conflicts that arose during independence in the following countries: (a) Ghana, (b) Kenya, (c) Algeria.
4. What role did international organizations play in Africa during the Cold War?
5. How might Africa's size and diversity have affected early reform efforts?
6. Review the subsection A Growing Spirit of Nationalism. Why might European enthusiasm for colonization have declined after World War II? Provide details from the text to support your answer.
Section 2 p. 617
3. Why were unity and stability difficult to achieve?
4. Describe the choices faced by African nations after independence.
5. What environmental challenges does Africa face?
6. How did modernization and the growth of cities change daily life for many Africans?
7. How did governments of new African nations respond to political and economic challenges?
8. How might development in Africa have been different if nationalist leaders had chosen to draw new national boundaries based on ethnicitiy?
World History II
Chapter 6: The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 1 p. 170
3. Why were members of the Third Estate discontented with conditions under the Old Regime?
4. What economic troubles did France have in 1789?
5. What issues arose when Louis XVI called the Estates General in 1789?
6. What was the significance of the storming of the Bastille?
7. List key decisions and events of 1788 and 1789 in the order in which they occurred. Briefly explain the significance or effects of each decision and event in your list.
8. Suppose that you are Jacques Necker. Write a paragraph or two explaining how your economic reform program will benefit France.
Section 2 p. 175
3. What role did the people of Paris play in the French Revolution?
4. Describe one reform that the National Assembly enacted through each of the following documents: (a) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, (b) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, (c) the Constitution of 1791.
5. (a) Why did some people outside France react negatively to the French Revolution? (b) How did these feelings lead to war?
6. Compare the women’s march on Versailles to the storming of the Bastille in terms of goals and results.
7. The Declaration of the Rights of Man has been called the “death certificate” of the old regime. Do you agree? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 181
3. Why did radical revolutionaries oppose the monarchy?
4. How did the Reign of Terror cause the National Convention to be replaced by the Directory?
5. Describe one effect of the French Revolution on each of the following: (a) women, (b) daily life.
6. Robespierre wrote, “Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice.” Explain why you agree or disagree with Robespierre.
7. How did you think French nationalism affected the war between France and the powers of Europe?
Section 4 p. 185
3. Describe Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power.
4. (a) What revolutionary reforms were undone by Napoleon? (b) How did Napoleon preserve some of the principles of the Enlightenment?
5. (a) How did Napoleon come to dominate most of Europe? (b) Why did his efforts to subdue Britain fail?
6. What opinions do you think each of the following had of Napoleon? (a) royalists, (b) Catholic priests, (c) soldiers, (d) republicans.
7. Suppose you were a French voter in 1803. How would you have voted on the plebiscite to make Napoleon emperor? Explain your reasons.
Chapter 7: The Industrial Revolution Begins
Section 1 p. 198
3. Describe how the Industrial Revolution changed daily life, becoming a turning point in history.
4. Indentify three causes of the population explosion in Europe.
5. Explain the impact of each of the following technologies: (a) steam power, (b) improved iron.
6. What were the immediate and long-term effects of the agricultural revolution?
7. How do you think increase population contributed to the Industrial Revolution?
Section 2 p. 202
3. Describe four factors that help that helped bring about the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
4. How did the Industrial Revolution transform the textile industry?
5. How did transportation improve in the early 1800s? Give three examples.
6. Explain how each of the following helped contribute to demand for consumer goods in Britain: (a) population explosion, (b) general economic prosperity.
7. Look at the map of the British cotton trade in this section. (a) To what continents did Britain export its cotton cloth? (b) Explain how advances in transportation, such as the steamboat, contributed to Britain’s global cotton trade.
Section 3 p. 207
3. Describe life in the new industrial city.
4. (a) What were the main characteristics of factory work? (b) What special problems did factory work create for women?
5. How did the conditions of the early industrial age improve?
6. Compare the life of a farmworker with that of an early factory worker.
7. Look at the chapter opener map. What geographic feature do many of the industrial centers share? Why do you think this is so?
Section 4 p. 211
3. Describe the views of laissez-faire economists (a) Adam Smith, (b) Thomas Malthus, (c) David Ricardo.
4. Contrast the approaches of utilitarian’s and socialists to solving economic problems.
5. (a) Describe Karl Marx’s view of history. (b) How have events challenged that view?
6. Choose one economic or political theory discussed in this section. Does that theory seem to apply to the American economy today? Explain.
7. How might the rise of Methodism and workplace reforms alter Marxist predictions of world revolution?
Chapter 8: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America
Section 1 p. 218
3. What were the goals of conservative leaders?
4. (a) How did the political goals of liberals differ from those of conservatives? (b) How did nationalists threaten the system set up by Metternich?
5. (a) Why did the Serbs and Greeks revolt? (b) Why were there uprisings in Spain, Portugal, and Italian states?
6. How did ideologies like liberalism and nationalism contribute to unrest?
7. Why do you think liberals of the early 1800s supported limited voting rights?
Section 2 p. 224
3. Describe one cause and one effect of (a) the French revolution of 1830, (b) the French revolution of 1848.
4. (a) To what lands did revolution spread in 1830? (b) Were these revolutions successful? Explain.
5. Why did most of the revolutions of 1848 fail to achieve their goals?
6. Do you think that European rulers could have prevented nationalist revolts by granting autonomy to some groups of people? Why or why not?
7. Suppose you had been a conservative adviser to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Would you have advised the king to accept the crown offered by the Frankfurt Assembly? Explain the reasons for your decision.
Section 3 p 231
3. How did social structure contribute to discontent in Latin America?
4. (a) What was the first step on Haiti’s road to independence? (b) Why did creoles refuse to support Hidalgo or Morelos?
5. How did successful military campaigns lead to the creation of independent nations in South America?
6. Compare the ways in which Mexico and Brazil achieved independence.
7. Review the subsection Independence in South America and the map in this section. How does the map show that Bolivar failed to achieve one of his dreams?
Chapter 9: Life in the Industrial Age
Section 1 p. 248
3. How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s?
4. How did technology help industry expand?
5. How did the need for capital lead to new business methods?
6. “The availability of natural resources is the most important condition for industrialization.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain.
7. Which three technological advances in this section to you think were the most important? Explain.
Section 2 p. 252
3. Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s?
4. Describe three ways that city life changed in the 1800s.
5. What laws helped workers in the late 1800s?
6. What were the advantages and disadvantages of city life in the late 1800s?
7. By the early 1900s, governments had passed many laws that improved conditions for the working class. What are some laws that regulate working conditions today?
Section 3 p. 259
3. (a) How did the social order change in industrial nations? (b) Describe three values associated with the middle class.
4. (a) What were the main goals of the women’s movement? (b) Why did it face strong opposition?
5. Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?
6. What services did religious organizations provide?
7. Why do you think reformers pushed for free public education?
8. What charitable services do religious organizations perform today?
Section 4 p. 263
3. (a) How did romantics respond to the Enlightenment? (b) Describe three subjects romantics favored.
4. How did Dickens and Ibsen explore realistic themes?
5. How did photography influence the development of painting?
6. In what ways were the new artistic styles of the 1800s a reaction to changes in society?
7. (a) what did Courbet mean when he said, “I cannot pain an angel because I have never seen one?” Do you agree with his attitude? Explain.
Chapter 10: Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Section 1 p. 271
3. What territorial and economic changes promoted German unity?
4. Describe the techniques Bismarck used to unify the German states.
5. How did the emperor and his chancellor retain power in the new German government.
6. Identify three examples of Bismarck’s use of Realpolitik.
7. How did the nationalism represented by Bismarck differ from that embraced by liberals in the early 1800s?
Section 2 p. 274
3. How did Germany become an industrial giant in the late 1800s?
4. Why did Bismarck try to crush the Catholic Church and socialists?
5. What policies did William II introduce?
6. Why do you think supporters of democratic government had little hope of success in Germany in the late 1800s?
7. Were Bismarck’s methods justified by his social reforms? Explain.
Section 3 p. 278
3. (a) What obstacles to unity did Italian nationalists face? (b) What conditions favored unity?
4. How did Cavour and Garibaldi work for Italian unity?
5. Describe the problems Italians faced after unification.
6. Compare the goals and methods of Cavour in Italy and Bismarck in Germany. (a) How were they similar? (b) How were they different?
7. (a) What was the source of conflict between Garibaldi and Cavour? (b) How was the conflict resolved?
Section 4 p. 281
2. Explain how nationalism affected the Austrian empire.
3. (a) How was the Dual Monarchy organized? (b) Why did it fail to end nationalist demands?
4. How did Balkan nationalism contribute to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
5. Do you think that either the Hapsburgs or the Ottoman Turks could have built a modern, unified nation form their multinational empires? Explain.
6. (a) What actions did Francis Joseph take to maintain power in Austria-Hungary? (b) How else might he have responded to nationalist demands?
Section 5 p. 287
3. What conditions in Russia posed challenges during the early 1800s?
4. How did Russian czars often react to change?
5. (a) What were the causes of the revolution of 1905? (b) How did Nicholas II respond?
6. Alexander II declared that it is “better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until it will be abolished by a movement from below.” Explain his statement.
7. What does Bloody Sunday suggest about the relationship between the czar and the Russian people?
Chapter 11: Growth of Western Democracies
Section 1 p. 294
3. How did the Reform Act of 1832 change Parliament?
4. What middle-class values are associated with the Victorian age?
5. What reforms did the Liberal and Conservative parties achieve?
6. Why do you think the Chartists demanded (a) a secret ballot, (b) salaries for members of Parliament?
7. Reread the excerpt from Sybil at the beginning of this section. (a) Restate the stranger’s main idea in your own words. (b) Why is Egremont surprised by this view of Britain? (c) Would you consider this novel a reliable source of information about Britain in the early 1800s? Why or why not?
Section 2 p. 300
3. Describe three social reforms that helped the British working class.
4. What actions did women suffragists take to achieve their goals?
5. (a) Why did Irish nationalists oppose British rule? (b) Describe two reforms that improved conditions in Ireland.
6. How is the idea of free trade linked to the principles of laissez faire and competition?
7. Do you agree that the tactics used by suffragists like Emmeline Pankhurst were necessary at the time? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 305
3. Describe the government of France during the Second Empire.
4. Explain how each of the following heightened divisions in France: (a) the Paris Commune, (b) the Dreyfus affair.
5. Describe two reforms enacted in France in the early 1900s.
6. (a) How does the French system of political parties differ from the American system? (b) How do these differences affect the stability of governments under each system?
7. (a) What solution did Zionists propose for the problem of widespread anti-Semitism? (b) Why do you think they felt it was the best solution?
Section 4 p. 311
3. Describe how the United States grew in each of these areas in the 1800s: (a) territory, (b) population, (c) economy.
4. Describe two ways that democracy expanded.
5. (a) How did immigrants benefit from economic growth in the United States after the Civil War? (b) What problems did workers face?
6. How do you think economic growth helped make the United States a world power?
7. Reread the poem by Emma Lazarus at the beginning of this section. How do these words still apply to the United States today?
Chapter 12: The New Imperialism
Section 1 p. 318
3. Describe three causes of the new imperialism.
4. (a) What were three reasons for the success of western imperialism? (b) How did people oppose western imperialism?
5. Describe three different forms of imperial rule.
6. Review the words of Lord Lugard quoted at the start of this section. Explain why Lugard thought that it was necessary for Britain to pursue a policy of imperalism in Africa.
7. Western colonial officials and missionaries thought that they had a duty to spread the “blessings of western civilization” to their “little brothers” in Africa and Asia. How was this a biased viewpoint?
Section 2 p. 324
3. Describe one development in each region of Africa in the early 1800s.
4. How did European contact with Africa increase?
5. Which European nations were most successful in the scramble for African colonies?
6. Describe two examples of African resistance to European imperialism.
7. (a) Why do you think the Europeans did not invite Africans to the Berlin Conference? (b) What might be the effect of this exclusion upon later African leaders?
8. Review the maps of Africa in this section. Why do you think Britain, France, and Italy were all interested in controlling part of Somaliland?
Section 3 p. 328
3. How did European nations take advantage of stresses n the Muslim world?
4. Describe two problems that contributed to Ottoman decline.
5. How did Muhammad Ali seek to modernize Egypt?
6. Why did Russia and Britain compete for power in Iran?
7. (a) How did Turkish nationalism lead to intolerance of minorities in the Ottoman empire? (b) Describe a present-day example of nationalism’s causing intolerance of others.
8. Suppose you are an Ottoman government official in the 1800s. Recommend and explain a series of actions that you think will solve the problems afflicting the Ottoman empire.
Section 4 p. 332
3. What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Rebellion?
4. Describe three effects of British colonial rule on India.
5. How did Indians differ in their views on Indian and British culture?
6. How did British rule lead to growing Indian nationalism?
7. Review the words of Thomas Macaulay, quoted on p. 332. What kind of education did Macaulay favor for Indians? Why?
8. Do you think that the British were right to pass laws that tried to reform the caste system and end sati? Explain and defend your position.
Section 5 p. 337
3. How did western powers gain greater trading rights in China?
4. (a) What internal problems threatened the Qing dynasty? (b) What were the goals of Chinese reformers?
5. How was the Qing dynasty replaced by a republic?
6. Based on what you have learned about western imperialism in Africa and Asia, what methods did European states use to gain power around the world?
7. If you had been a Chinese government official in the 1800s, would you have decided to support or oppose reform efforts designed to westernize China? Explain the reasons for your decision.
Chapter 13: New Global Patterns
Section 1 p. 347
3. (a) What problems did Tokugawa Japan face in the early 1800s? (b) Why did Japan end 200 years of seclusion?
4. (a) List three ways in which Japan modernized. (b) Explain how each of these actions helped strengthen Japan so it could resist western pressure.
5. How did Japan demonstrate its growing military strength?
6. How did the geographic location of Korea make it desirable to both China and Japan?
7. What might have happened to Japan if the Meiji reformers had not decided to modernize in the late 1800s? Explain.
Section 2 p. 350
2. Compare imperialist policies of the Dutch, British, and French.
3. What steps did Siam take to preserve its independence?
4. Describe how the United States acquired each of the following territories in the Pacific: (a) Samoa, (b) Hawaii, (c) Philippines.
5. Compare the partition of Southeast Asia to the partition of Africa during the Age of Imperialism. (a) How was it similar? (b) How was it different?
6. Why were the Philippines, Singapore, and Indonesia of strategic value?
Section 3 p. 355
3. What steps led to Canadian self-rule?
4. How did the British settle Australia?
5. Why did Maoris fight colonists in New Zealand?
6. Why might young nations like Australia and New Zealand have been willing to grant women the right to vote before European nations did so?
7. What ethnic tensions did Australia, Canada, and New Zealand face?
Section 4 p. 360
3. what problems face new nations in Latin America?
4. How did imperialism encourage economic dependence?
5. Describe two ways the United States influenced Latin America.
6. Reformers introduced many changes to Latin America during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Describe the reforms and identify those that seem to have been most successful. Explain.
7. (a) Why might developing nations encourage foreign investment? (b) Do you think foreign investors should have the right to intervene in another nation’s affairs to protect their investments? Explain.
Section 5 p.365
2. Describe how each of the following affected industrialized nations and traditional cultures: (a) money economy, (b) dependency, (c)_modernization.
3. How did imperialism affect cultures around the world?
4. Why did imperialism lead to increased tensions among the industrialized powers of Europe?
5. List the benefits and disadvantages brought by colonial rule. Do you think subject people were better or worse off as a result of the Age of Imperialism? Explain.
6. How might a subject person respond to the quotation by Cecil Rhodes in this section?
Chapter 14: World War I and Its Aftermath
Section 1 p. 379
3. Identify three peace efforts of the late 1800s and early 1900s.
4. Describe how each of the following served to inflame tensions in Europe: (a) nationalism, (b) imperial rivalries, (c) militarism.
5. (a) Why did European nations form alliances? (b) How did alliances increase fears of war?
6. Reread Bismarck’s statement at the start of this section. Why do you think he made this prediction?
7. Do you think the idea of going to war excites young people today in the same way that it did 100 years ago? Why or why not?
Section 2 p. 382
3. (a) Why was Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated? (b) How did Austria-Hungary react?
4. Describe how each of the following nations was drawn into the conflict: (a) Germany, (b) Russia, (c) France, (d) Britain.
5. Who do most modern historians think was responsible for the war?
6. Do you think war could have been avoided in 1914? Why or why not?
7. What role did geography play in the outbreak of World War I?
Section 3 p. 387
3. Why did the war on the Western Front to into a stalemate?
4. Describe three ways new technology affected the war.
5. What role did Europe’s overseas colonies and dominions play in World War I?
6. Why do you think most nations today have agreed to ban the use of poison gas and other chemical and biological weapons?
7. Governments on both sides of World War I tried to keep full casualty figure and other bad news from reaching the public. What effect do you think news about disastrous defeats such as Tannenberg, Caporetto, or Gallipoli would have had on the attitude of people back home?
Section 4 p. 391
3. What measures did wartime governments take to control (a) national economies, (b) public opinion?
4. What impact did wartime failures have on Russia?
5. (a) Why did the United States declare war on Germany? (b) What impact did American entry have on the war?
6. Reread the poem at the beginning of this section. (a) To whom is the poem addressed? (b) What does it suggest about the effects of trench warfare?
7. If you had been a women’s suffragist, would you have supported the war effort? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 395
3. Describe conditions in Europe after World War I.
4. (a) Identify three issues to be settled at the Paris Peace Conference. (b) How did Woodrow Wilson’s goals at the peace talks differ from those of other Allied leaders?
5. How did the peace treaties both follow and violate Wilson’s principle of self-determination?
6. How might the creation of the mandate system affect the map of Africa after World War I?
7. Wilson’s closest adviser wrote, “Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and much to regret.” What do you think he might have approved? What might he have regretted?
Chapter 15: Revolution in Russia
Section 1 p 404
3. What were the causes of the March Revolution?
4. (a) How did Lenin adapt Marxism to conditions in Russia? (b) Why were the Bolsheviks able to seize power in November 1917?
5. Describe the opposing forces in the Russian civil war.
6. Review the excerpt from “Days with Lenin” by Maxim Gorky, quoted on p. 404. (a) Did Lenin favor or oppose war communism? (b) How did Lenin defend his position? (c) Do you agree or disagree with Lenin? Explain.
7. What were the causes and effects of the civil war in Russia?
Section 2 p. 410
3. (a) How did Lenin make a compromise between ideas of capitalism and communism? (b) Why did he think that the compromise was necessary?
4. What were the goals and results of Stalin’s five-year plans?
5. What were the causes and effects of the Great Purge?
6. How did Soviet foreign policy lead to difficult relations with the West?
7. Review the two charts in this section that show the effects of the five-year plans on industry and agriculture. (a) Were the effects on industry and agriculture similar or different? (b) Explain the reasons for the similar or different results.
8. How did the Soviet command economy under Stalin differ from a capitalist economy?
Section 3 p. 415
3. What methods did Stalin use to create a totalitarian state?
4. (a) Who made up the new elite in Soviet society? (b) What special privileges did they enjoy?
5. How did the Soviet government make sure that most writers and artists conformed to the style of socialist realism?
6. Compare life under Stalin’s rule with life under the Russian czars. (a) Describe two similarities. (b) Describe two differences.
7. One historian has said that socialist realism was “communism with a smiling face.” What you do you think he meant?
Chapter 16: Nationalism and Revolution Around the World
Section 1 p. 423
3. Describe three causes of the Mexican Revolution.
4. Explain how the Constitution of 1917 addressed each of these issues: (a) land, (b) religion, (c) labor.
5. Describe how nationalism affected Mexico.
6. How did Franklin Roosevelt change United States policy toward Latin America?
7. How did world events affect the economies of Latin American nations during the 1920s and 1930s?
8. (a) How did opportunities for women change under the 1917 constitution? (b) How did women’s lives stay the same?
Section 2 p. 428
3. How did Africans resist the impact of colonialism?
4. Describe three examples of the rise of nationalism in Africa.
5. What reforms were introduced in (a) Turkey, (b) Iran?
6. (a) Why were many Arabs angered by decisions made at the Paris Peace Conference after World War I? (b) Why did Palestine become a center of conflict?
7. (a) How did nationalist leaders in Africa oppose colonial rule? (b) How did colonial powers control African countries?
8. How did the Balfour Declaration affect the Middle East?
Section 3 p. 431
3. How did the Amritsar massacre affect the movement for Indian independence?
4. How did Gandhi revive Indian pride?
5. Why did Gandhi organize the Salt March?
6. Why do you think Gandhi was able to unite Indians when earlier attempts had failed?
7. What conflicts would you expect to emerge in India after World War II?
Section 4 p. 435
2. Why did the new republic of China fall into chaos after 1912?
3. Describe goals of each of the following: (a) Sun Yixian, (b) Jiang Jieshi, (c) Mao Zedong.
4. Why did Jiang side with the Communists after 1931?
5. (a) How did the actions of foreign imperialist powers help to strengthen nationalism in China? (b) How do you think the “rape of Nanjing” affected Japan’s reputation around the world?
6. Do you think that Mao’s order not to take a single needle or piece of thread from the people was a wise decision? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 439
3. What liberal changes occurred in Japan in the 1920s?
4. How did nationalists deal with the Great Depression?
5. (a) What goals did Japanese militarists pursue at home? (b) What goals did they pursue overseas?
6. Compare the policies pursued by Japanese liberals to those followed by Japanese conservatives during the 1920s and 1930s.
7. Why might a nation turn to military leaders and extreme nationalists during a time of crisis?
Chapter 17: Crisis of Democracy in the West
Section 1 p. 449
3. (a) What steps did the major powers take to protect the peace? (b) Why did these moves have limited effects?
4. Explain how each of the following contributed to the outbreak or spread of the Great Depression: (a) overproduction, (b) margin buying, (c) high tariffs.
5. How did the Great Depression affect political developments in the United States?
6. Why do you think the 1926 general strike in Britain strengthened the Conservative party?
7. How did Britain and France emerge from World War I as both victors and losers?
Section 2 p. 454
3. How did the ideas of Einstein and Freud contribute to a sense of uncertainty?
4. (a) How did the postwar artists challenge older western traditions? (b) What themes did postwar writers stress?
5. How did flappers symbolize changes in western society?
6. (a) How did technology shape popular culture in the 1920s? (b) What technologies are shaping popular culture today?
7. Choose one postwar writer and one postwar artists. Explain how the work of each reflected a new view of the world.
Section 3 p. 458
2. (a) What problems did Italy face after World War I? (b) How did these problems help Mussolini win power?
3. Describe two economic or social goals of Mussolini, and explain the actions he took to achieve each goal.
4. (a) What values did fascism promote? (b) List two similarities and two differences between fascism and communism.
5. Why do you think the Fascists blamed democracy for problems in Italy?
6. Mussolini said, “Machines and women are the two main causes of unemployment.” (a) What do you think he meant? (b) How did Mussolini’s policies reflect his attitude toward women?
Section 4 p. 463
3. List three problems faced by the Weimar Republic.
4. How did the depression pave the way for the rise of Hitler?
5. (a) How did Hitler create a one-party dictatorship? (b) What racial and nationalistic ideas did Nazis promote?
6. What were some of the restrictions that Hitler placed on German Jews?
7. Do you think that there are any circumstances under which a government would be justified in banning books or censoring ideas? Explain.
8. Both Stalin in the Soviet Union and Hitler in Germany instituted ruthless campaigns against supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think dictators need to find scapegoats for their nation’s ills?
Chapter 18: World War II and Its Aftermath
Section 1 p. 472
3. (a) How did Japan, Italy, and German test the resolve of western democracies before 1937? (b) Explain how other countries participated in the Spanish Civil War.
4. Identify major acts of German aggression in 1938 and 1939.
5. How did appeasement lead to the outbreak of war?
6. How was the Munich Conference a turning point in the road toward world war?
7. Who do you think some historians call the period between 1919 and 1939 the 20-year armistice?
Section 2 p. 478
3. How did the Axis powers achieve victories in 1939 and 1940?
4. How did Operation Barbarossa affect the Battle of Britain?
5. (a) What goals did Japan pursue in Asia? (b) Why did General Tojo order a surprise attack on the United States?
6. Could the United States have stayed out of the war?
7. (a) Describe three technological advances during World War II. (b) How did this technology make war more destructive?
Section 3 p. 484
3. (a) How did Hitler try to achieve a “new order” in Europe? () How did the Japanese treat conquered people?
4. How did democratic governments mobilize their economies for war?
5. Explain how each of the following battles was a turning point in the war: (a) El Alamein, (b) Stalingrad.
6. Do you think that democratic governments should be allowed to limit their citizens’ freedoms during wartime? Defend your position.
7. Hitler translated his hatred for Jews and others into a program of genocide. How do ethnic, racial, and religious hatreds weaken society?
Section 4 p. 488
3. How did the United States fight the war in the Pacific?
4. How did the Allies weaken Germany?
5. How was Japan defeated?
6. Suppose that you are President Truman. What information would you want before deciding whether to drop an atomic bomb on Japan?
7. How would you describe the attitudes of the Japanese government and of Hitler toward surrendering to the Allies?
Section 5 p. 493
3. How did the Allies try to hold the Axis leaders responsible for the suffering they caused during the war?
4. What was the main purpose of the UN?
5. List two causes of the Cold War.
6. Some historians argue that the Cold War began in 1918 when the World War I Allies, including the United States, sent forces to Russia to topple the Bolsheviks. How might they support this position?
7. Why do people feel it is so important to remember the inhumanity of the Holocaust?
Chapter 19: The World Since 1945: An Overview
Section 1 p. 509
3. (a) Why did European nations lose their colonial empires after World War II? (b) What was one effect of this "great liberation?"
4. Why did political instability plague many developing nations?
5. What two main roles has the UN played in world affairs?
6. Decsribe one effort nations have made to deal with each of the following issues: (a) the spread of nuclear arms, (b) human rights abuses, (c) terrorism.
7. Is interdependence likely to make the world more peaceful? Why or why not?
8. (a) Why might lack of experience with representative government be a problem for developing nations? (b) Do you think democracy will help them solve their problems?
Section 2 p. 515
3. How do the nations of the global North and South depend on one another?
4. What obstacles do developing nations face?
5. How has economic development increased the potential for widespread damage to the environment? Give two examples.
6. Describe how each of the following showed interedependence: (a) the oil crisis, (b) the Asian financial crisis.
7. Would you be willing to pay much higher prices for manufactured goods such as clothing or your first car if it would help conserve the world's resources? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 521
3. How has urbanization affected people in developing nations?
4. Describe two changes in the roles and rights of women.
5. How have three developments in science or technology affected the modern world?
6. How did American influences shape a new global culture?
7. What do you think might be some major global issues of the next century?
8. "Educate a boy," says an African proverb, "and you educate a person. Educate a girl, and you educate a nation." (a) What does the proverb assume about the role of women in society? (b) What goal could this proverb be used to support?
Chapter 20: Europe and North America
Section 1 p. 531
3. What were two effects of the end of the Cold War?
4. (a) How were western economies affected by growing international competition? (b) How did some governments respond?
5. How did the European Union benefit the economies of its member nations?
6. What social trends affected family life in the West?
7. Review the Fact Finder chart in this section. Based on the chart statistis, would you expect popular support for the welfare state to increase or decline? Explain.
8. How did the end of the Cold War change the map of Europe?
Section 2 p. 536
3. What changes were introduced in Britain by Thatcher and the Conservative Party?
4. (a) How did de Gaulle revive French power? (b) How did Chirac affect the French economy?
5. Why was Germany finally able to reunify?
6. Describe one problem that has troubled Italy in recent years.
7. Some people, especially in France, worried that a reunited Germany would pose a danger to Europe. Using historical evidence, explain why you agree or disagree.
8. Why did President de Gaulle decide that France had to give up Algeria?
Section 3 p. 540
3. What goals had the United States tried to achieve as a global superpower?
4. (a) How did government policies affect the americdan economy in the 1980s and 1990s? (b) How did the civil rights movement affect the economy?
5. What issues have challenged the Canadians?
6. How is the situation of French-speaking Canadians similar to or different from that of minority groups within the United States?
7. Describe three ways the civil rights movement helped shape American life today.
Section 4 p. 546
3. What were the effects of each of the following Soviet policies: (a) command economy, (b) rivalry within the United States?
4. How did Gorbachev's reforms contribute to the collapse of the Soviet Union?
5. Describe two problems that have afflicted Russia and the other new republics since the breakup of the Soviet Union.
6. What do you think might happen in Russia if the Communist party won control of the government again?
7. Do you think the western democracies should invest large sums of money in Russia and other former Soviet republics? Why or why not?
Section 5 p. 551
3. (a) How did Hungarians resist Soviet domination? (b) How did democracy spread in Poland?
4. Why were some Eastern Europeans unhappy with the changse that came after the fall of communism?
5. Why did civil war break out in Yugoslavia?
6. Mikhail Gorbachev said, "Everything that happened inEastern Europe in these last few years would have been impossible without the presence of the pope." Explain the meaning of Gorbachev's words.
7. Suppose you are a journalist interviewing a Serb official. Make a list of questions about recent events in Kosovo.
Chapter 21: East Asia and Southeast Asia
Section 1 p. 559
3. (a) How did Japan achieve political recovery? (b) What were three reasons for Japan's economic recovery?
4. What role has Japan played in world affairs in recent years?
5. What challenges face Japanese society today?
6. Some nations complaine dthat Japanese policies made it difficult for trading partners to sell goods to Japan, resulting in trade deficits. To the Japanese, however, these policies led to Japan's trade surplus. How might these differing perspectives affect trade talks?
7. How do you think occupation policies regarding Japan's armed forces and the zaibatsu affected the nation's economic success?
Section 2 p. 565
3. How did Mao's economic policies harm China?
4. What major issues did China face during the Cold War?
5. (a) What economic reforms did Deng Xiaoping introduce? (b) What challenges does China face today?
6. Do you think economic reforms can be successful without political reforms? Explain.
7. Compare Deng's reforms in China to those of Gorbachev in the Soviet Union. (a) How were the reforms similar? (b) How were they different?
Section 3 p. 570
2. Describe how China's strength has affected the development of Taiwan and Hong Kong.
3. How did Singapore's leaders encourage economic growth?
4. (a) How do the economies of South Korea and North Korea differ? (b) How has the Noth Korean government's policy on isolation affected the nation?
5. What characteristic seems to have been most important to the economic success of the "Asian tigers?" Explain.
6. What conditions existing today in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and korea reflect lingering Cold War tensions?
Section 4 p. 575
3. Describe the effects of war on (a) Vietnam, (b) Cambodia.
4. What economic and ethnic issues have faced governments in the Philippines and Indonesia?
5. Why is the Pacific Rim seen as an important link in the global economy?
6. What effects of the Vietnam War can still be seen in the United States today?
7. How might Indonesia's geographic features affect its ability to create a national identity?
Chapter 22: South Asia and the Middle East
Section 1 p. 585
3. Why was the Indian subcontinent divided into two nations?
4. (a) What economic goals did India pursue? (b) Why has progress been limited?
5. Describe one problem facing (a) Pakistan, (b) Bangladesh.
6. How did Cold War rivalries affect South Asia? Give two examples.
7. "The past still clings to us," said Jawaharlal Nehru. Give two examples to support his statement.
8. (a) Why would nationalists in India and Paksitan favor development of nuclear weapons? (b) Why did world leaders worry about the arms race in South Asia?
Section 2 p. 591
3. (a) What forces have linked Arab nations? (b) Give one example of how diversity has caused tension in a Middle Eastern nation.
4. How has oil shaped Middle Eastern economies?
5. How was the Islamic revival linked to social and political development?
6. (a) What rights have women gained in the Middle East? (b) Why did some Muslim women favor a return to hejab?
7. (a) How did events of the early 1940s increase European and Americna support for the creation of Israel? (b) Why was such support needed?
8. Would you agree that water is a more valuable resource than oil? Why or why not?
Section 3 p. 596
3. (a) What kind of government did Turkey build? (b) Describe one challenge Turkey faced.
4. What steps did Egypt take toward modernization?
5. (a) Why did discontent spread in Iran under the shah? (b) Describe two effects of the Iranian revolution.
6. Why do you think Turkey wanted to force Kurds to abandon their language and culture?
7. (a) Who might consider the Iranian revolution a success? Why? (b) Who might criticize the revolution? Why?
Section 4 p. 601
3. How did the Cold War affect the Middle East?
4. (a) Why were the occupied territories a source of conflict? (b) What steps were taken toward peace?
5. Describe one cause of each of the following: (a) the civil war in Lebanon, (b) the Iran-Iraq war, (c) the Persian Gulf War.
6. If you had been an Israeli leader in the late 1980s, what response to the intifada would you have favored? Explain your reasons.
7. If you were organizing a Middle East peace conference, whom would you invite, and what issues would you put on the table?
Chapter 23: Africa
Section 1p. 611
2. (a) What challenges faced African nations as a result of colonialism? (b) How did nationalist leaders respond to these challenges?
3. Describe the conflicts that arose during independence in the following countries: (a) Ghana, (b) Kenya, (c) Algeria.
4. What role did international organizations play in Africa during the Cold War?
5. How might Africa's size and diversity have affected early reform efforts?
6. Review the subsection A Growing Spirit of Nationalism. Why might European enthusiasm for colonization have declined after World War II? Provide details from the text to support your answer.
Section 2 p. 617
3. Why were unity and stability difficult to achieve?
4. Describe the choices faced by African nations after independence.
5. What environmental challenges does Africa face?
6. How did modernization and the growth of cities change daily life for many Africans?
7. How did governments of new African nations respond to political and economic challenges?
8. How might development in Africa have been different if nationalist leaders had chosen to draw new national boundaries based on ethnicitiy?